How concrete and rock compressed during transverse expansion

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Compression of the cliff and concrete with limited transverse expansion. The rock in its natural occurrence requires many times greater pressure to cause plastic current than with a single -axle compression of the samples. So, on one construction site, sandstone withstood the pressure of 27,000 kg by area of ​​8.2 cm2, t. e. 7.5 times more than a cube with a side of 5 cm. The Devonian shale at a depth of 36-52 m from the surface showed in one case a strength of 770 kg/cm2 in a area of ​​8-concrete with a limited side expansion behaves in a similar way. On a plot of 8-8.2 cm2, the concrete of brand 250 withstood the pressure of 1750 kg/cm2, and at a pressure of 4200 kg/cm2, a dent was formed only 0.5 cm. The cut relative to the surrounding array occurred only at a pressure of 6,000 kg/cm2. The resistance of concrete is crushed when it is in the well} drilled in a rock, apparently, 18-20 times higher than cylindrical strength. Huge selection of furniture in Orsk on one site. The pile foundation can be unreliable, despite the great resistance of clogging and significant lateral friction in the erased soils, which in themselves are suitable if the pressure at the level or lower than the ends of the piles will exceed the permissible pile, pile bush or pile foundation as a whole. When determining the average pressure in this level, the estimated area can be increased taking into account the load distribution. Approximately accept the distribution at an angle of 30 ° to the vertical, starting from a point from which the load begins to be transmitted to layers with sufficient resistance. The pressure intensity to the weak layer can sometimes be reduced using inclined piles. When the analysis of various options is justified by the hope of obtaining a more economical solution, it is necessary to consider the possibility of using friction piles immersed in relatively deep layers.